Gotra influences paternal lineage in Brahmins: Genetic study confirms

(A) Distribution of gotras among Indian brahmins (B) Distribution of paternal haplogroups among gotras

Have you ever wondered about the origins of your family name? For Brahmins, an invisible thread connects generations - the gotra system. It is like an ancient GPS; more than just a lineage marker, it goes beyond great-grandparents to thousands of years ago, to legendary sages. Marriage between individuals who belong to the same gotra is prohibited as per this system because it considers them familial siblings separated by time. The system is tied to the Saptarshi (seven legendary sages), while the lesser-known term pravara denotes extended kinship groups. Traditionally, Brahmins follow 18 major gotras (e.g., Bharadwaja, Gautama, Vasishta), which regulate marriage practices. 

A recent study led by researchers from the Department of Applied Zoology at Mangalore University sheds light on the deep-rooted history behind these traditions. By analysing repetitive parts of the genomes (STRs, short tandem repeats) from 334 Indian Brahmins and comparing them with over 1,300 Eurasian males, the study reveals a shared paternal ancestry among Brahmins across India, linked to early Indo-European migrations. 

The common thread: R1a haplogroup

The study found a common R1a ancestor for Indian Brahmins and the western Iranians, Tajiks and Uzbeks, likely dating back to a time before the Indo-Iranian split, possibly in northern Afghanistan. However, the migration patterns differed. Northern brahmins show closer genetic ties to Afghan groups like Pashtuns, likely due to later admixture. Konkani and Southern brahmins diverged earlier, preserving an older signature shared with West Iranian populations.  

The study does not estimate the dates of migration. However, based on lineage-sharing patterns and the differential occurrence of Pashtun-like R1a among northern and southern Brahmins, it suggests two prominent waves of R1a into the Indian subcontinent, with a time interval between them. Earlier research suggests that the Indo-European component entered the Indian subcontinent about 4000 years ago. A 2024 preprint by the same research group estimated a gap of about 500-800 years between the common ancestor of Brahmins and Afghanis, with the former constituting the earlier wave. However, more research is required to date the events of the past accurately.

Lead researcher Jaison Sequeira emphasizes the importance of such studies:  “India is a treasure trove of human diversity. Just as we preserve artefacts in museums and archives, we should also generate and document population-specific genetic data for future generations”. He urges youngsters from every community to lead such initiatives whenever possible. 

The corresponding author, Prof. M S Mustak, said, “With Genome India Project data in hand, pan-India collaborations are the only and the best way forward”. This project was a collaboration between researchers from Karnataka, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, New Delhi and Switzerland.

Report by: Samhitha Tantry, Mangalore University 

Article reference: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-025-02280-4

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